Dissolution and Seepage Coupling Effect on Transport and Mechanical Properties of Glauberite Salt Rock

Potential high rates of aqueous dissolution are characteristic of salt rocks, and solute and mass flux through a soluble porous medium are functions of solute concentration gradients and pressure gradients. Due to different dissolution properties for different mineral components in glauberite salt rock, an interaction between mineral dissolution and solvent seepage arises, driven by the hydraulic pressure gradient in the rock. The originally almost impermeable glauberite rock becomes an increasingly permeable porous medium with dissolution, changing the transport and mechanical properties because of the progressive removal of solid sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄), one of the constitutive components of glauberite salt rock. Glauberite is often found in bedded salt rock deposits, and the mineral glauberite has economic value and has been mined for many years in China. More economic and safe technologies, such as controlled solution mining, are inherently attractive. Thus, investigations into relevant physical and mechanical properties of glauberite in the context of solution mining have value, and to clarify glauberite behaviour, a series of experiments were performed. It is observed through experiments that the permeability of the rock mass during dissolution of glauberite is a function of the dissolution duration and the hydraulic pressure gradient applied to the system. For example, in laboratory tests, after 49, 53 and 70 h of dissolution, the relationships between permeability (k—cm²) and pressure gradient (Δp—MPa across the specimen of length 100 mm) of the glauberite specimens were observed to be k = 0.24 for a Δp of 0.10, k = 0.30 for a Δp of 0.12, and k = 0.41 for a Δp of 0.18, with the empirical functional relationship becoming gradually steeper with pressure. Also, the triaxial compression (mechanical) characteristics of glauberite salt rock change substantially after a period of dissolution: the compressive strength under a confining stress of σ₃ = 2.0 MPa changes initially from 46 to 11 MPa after 70 h of dissolution and seepage. Along with strength degradation, the Young’s modulus (stiffness) changed from 4.6 to 0.5 GPa. Evidently, coupled dissolution and seepage rate greatly impact both transport and mechanical properties of the rock as fabric evolves in a time-dependent manner.     

石油组分的拉曼位移特征统计分析Ⅱ: 环烷烃和不饱和烃

了解不同类型烃类的拉曼光谱特征有助于更好地利用拉曼光谱技术分析烃类包裹体。主要统计和分析了环烷烃和不饱和烃的典型拉曼位移特征。结果显示,环戊烷和环己烷C-C键最强拉曼峰主要集中在1 440~1 460 cm-1之间,而通过环戊烷和环己烷分别在890和785 cm-1的稳定特征峰可以进行区分。环戊烷随着支链数的增加,其C-C键最强拉曼峰的波数增大至1 460 cm-1。含一个支链的五元环烷烃C-C键最强拉曼峰位于1 445 cm-1,含两个支链的五元环烷烃C-C键最强拉曼峰为1 450 cm-1,含三个及以上支链的五元环烷烃C-C键最强拉曼峰为1 460 cm-1。环己烷随着支链数增加C-H键最强拉曼峰发生红移,C-C键最强拉曼峰主要分布在1 440~1 460 cm-1范围内。含一个支链的环己烷最强拉曼峰组合特征明显,分布在1 445 cm-1±,1 034 cm-1±,2 853 cm-1±和2 934 cm-1±,含两个支链的环己烷C-C键分布在1 440~1 460 cm-1,C-H键的最强拉曼峰为2 926 cm-1±,含三个支链的环己烷具有1 459 cm-1±和2 924 cm-1±的最强拉曼峰组合。烯烃碳碳双键的特征峰为1 641 cm-1±。炔烃特征峰在2 200 cm-1±,而1 445 cm-1±,2 908 cm-1±和2 933 cm-1±三个强峰可作为辅助识别标志。这些特征可以用于识别烃类包裹体中的环烷烃和不饱和烃。     

Transient Heat and Moisture Flow Around Heat Source Buried in an Unsaturated Half Space

This article presents solutions for the transient heat and moisture transport due to both disk heat source and cylindrical heat source buried in an unsaturated half space. The solutions are presented in Hankel–Laplace transform domain and in dimensionless style. Coupled effect of thermally driven moisture transport is especially investigated because of its importance to alter the flow field in low-permeability medium. Parametric study has been performed to assess the effects of five independent dimensionless parameters on flow field. The stability and accuracy of the present solutions are demonstrated from the comparison between the results obtained from these solutions and those by using a well-established finite element code CODE_BRIGHT. Despite the simplified assumptions required in order to obtain analytical solutions in Hankel–Laplace transform domain, the results incorporate the main mechanisms involved in the coupled thermo-hydraulic (T-H) problem, and they may be eventually used for validation purposes.     

A Scanning Electron Microscopy study of water in soil

Cold stage Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with a rapid cooling technique makes it possible to investigate the water phase within unsaturated porous media. It is thought that this technique preserves the main features of the micromorphology of the water menisci as it exists in the liquid phase in soils. Saddle-shaped elements, as well as pendular rings of water, were observed with concave and convex curvatures of the water-air interface. The hydraulic conductivity of an unsaturated soil may be inferred from SEM photographs. Observations of isolated water menisci indicate the existence of an immobile water domain. The surface geometry of the water menisci was analyzed quantitatively and surface tension and capillary pressure were determined.     

Direct lactonization of α-amino γ,δ-unsaturated carboxylic acid esters via olefin activation: stereo- and regioselective production of homoserine lactone scaffolds having contiguous stereocenters

Triflic acid-mediated stereoselective direct lactonization of a variety of α-amino γ,δ-unsaturated carboxylic acid esters and the construction of new γ-butyrolactone structural motifs are reported. Several α-amino γ,δ-unsaturated carboxylic acid esters underwent stereo- and regioselective 1,5-cyclization and afforded a variety of highly substituted homoserine lactone scaffolds having contiguous stereocenters. The direct lactonization of the chiral α-amino γ,δ-unsaturated carboxylic acid esters with triflic acid led to the enantioselective synthesis of the novel homoserine lactones. A plausible mechanism for the direct lactonization of α-amino γ,δ-unsaturated carboxylic acid esters is presented. The stereochemistry of major isomers 3f, 7a, 7b, and 7d was unambiguously established from the X-ray structure analysis.     

待钻井处钻前油层压力预测的数学模型及求解

根据所研究问题的特点,将地下三相流体假设为单相流体,再利用渗流理论建立了确定地下流体压力的数学模型,并讨论了数值求解方法.当钻井前准备要采用某一注采方案时,利用此数学模型可以求得待钻井处各油层流体压力在不同时刻的值,这为评价该注采方案的优劣及进一步确定最优注采方案提供了科学依据.最后利用此模型对实际问题进行了模拟计算,验证了模型的正确性和计算的可靠性.     

Catalytic air oxidation of ambient temperature hydrocarbons

Catalytic air oxidation of the aliphatic hydrocarbons n-decane, hexanes, gasoline and diesel fuel was conducted at ambient temperature with novel iron catalysts. The concentration of n-decane in water was reduced from 1.42 g in 100 ml to 0.07 g in 100 ml in 5 h at room temperature forming carbon monoxide and water by means of intermediate aldehydes. Results of FT–IR and GC–MS analyses demonstrated formation of aldehydes and unsaturated alcohols. Carbon monoxide was detected on catalyst residues and in the vapor phase. The indicated catalytic reaction mechanisms are discussed.     

基于二次插值的非饱和土壤水流问题的特征差分方法及数值模拟

本文针对一类非饱和土壤水流问题,提出了基于二次插值的特征差分格式,得到了严谨的L2模误差估计.并作了数值试验,指明方法的有效性.     

Influence of capillary effects on strength of non-saturated porous mediaInfluence des effets capillaires sur la résistance d'un milieu poreux non saturé

The mechanical behavior of a partially saturated porous medium is addressed by means of a micro-to-macro reasoning. First, an estimate of the quadratic average over the solid phase of the equivalent shear strain is proposed. The latter is used in the framework of a nonlinear homogenization technique (‘modified secant’ method) in order to model the nonlinear poroelastic behavior in partially saturated conditions. The determination of the macroscopic strength criterion is then considered. Finally, the influence of membrane tension effects on strength is investigated. To cite this article: L. Dormieux et al., C. R. Mecanique 334 (2006).